MySQL视图的相关概念及应用实例分析
1.浅谈数据库对象
2.什么是视图？
视图一方面可以帮我们使用表的一部分而不是所有的表，另一方面也可以针对不同的用户制定不同的查询视图。比如，针对一个公司的销售人员，我们只想给他看部分数据，而某些特殊的数据，比如采购的 价格，则不会提供给他。再比如，人员薪酬是个敏感的字段，那么只给某个级别以上的人员开放，其他 人的查询视图中则不提供这个字段。
视图是一种 虚拟表 ，本身是 不具有数据 的，占用很少的内存空间，它是 SQL 中的一个重要概念。
视图建立在已有表的基础上, 视图赖以建立的这些表称为基表。
视图的创建和删除只影响视图本身，不影响对应的基表。但是当对视图中的数据进行增加、删除和修改操作时，数据表中的数据会相应地发生变化，反之亦然。
视图，是向用户提供基表数据的另一种表现形式。通常情况下，小型项目的数据库可以不使用视 图，但是在大型项目中，以及数据表比较复杂的情况下，视图的价值就凸显出来了，它可以帮助我 们把经常查询的结果集放到虚拟表中，提升使用效率。理解和使用起来都非常方便。
3.视图操作相关SQL
创建视图
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}] VIEW 视图名称 [(字段列表)]
AS
查询语句 [WITH [CASCADED|LOCAL] CHECK OPTION]
查看数据库中的表对象、视图对象
SHOW TABLES;
查看视图的结构
DESC / DESCRIBE 视图名称;
查看视图的属性信息
SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE '视图名称'\G
查看视图的详细定义信息
SHOW CREATE VIEW 视图名称;
为了使视图可更新，每个视图行必须对应着基本表中的一行，并且该关系必须是一对一的。另外当视图定义出现如 下情况时，视图不支持更新操作：
在定义视图的时候指定了 “ALGORITHM = TEMPTABLE” ，视图将不支持 INSERT 和 DELETE 操作；
视图中不包含基表中所有被定义为非空又未指定默认值的列，视图将不支持 INSERT 操作；
在定义视图的 SELECT 语句中使用了 JOIN 联合查询 ，视图将不支持 INSERT 和 DELETE 操作；
在定义视图的 SELECT 语句后的字段列表中使用了 数学表达式 或 子查询 ，视图将不支持 INSERT ，也 不支持 UPDATE 使用了数学表达式、子查询的字段值；
在定义视图的 SELECT 语句后的字段列表中使用 DISTINCT 、 聚合函数 、 GROUP BY 、 HAVING 、 UNION 等，视图将不支持 INSERT 、 UPDATE 、 DELETE ；
在定义视图的 SELECT 语句中包含了子查询，而子查询中引用了 FROM 后面的表，视图将不支持 INSERT 、 UPDATE 、 DELETE ；
视图定义基于一个 不可更新视图 ；
常量视图。
虽然可以更新视图数据，但总的来说，视图作为 虚拟表 ，主要用于 方便查询 ，不建议更新视图的 数据。 对视图数据的更改，都是通过对实际数据表里数据的操作来完成的。
使用 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW 子句 修改视图
删除视图只是删除视图的定义，并不会删除基表的数据。
删除视图的语法是：（ 说明：基于视图 a 、 b 创建了新的视图 c ，如果将视图 a 或者视图 b 删除，会导致视图 c 的查询失败。这 样的视图 c 需要手动删除或修改，否则影响使用。 ）
DROP VIEW IF EXISTS 视图名称;
4.视图实操SQL
首先，我们会基于employees表来创建新的视图，下面先给出这个表的sql脚本代码。
/*Table structure for table `employees` */ DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `employees`; CREATE TABLE `employees` ( `employee_id` int(6) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `first_name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL, `last_name` varchar(25) NOT NULL, `email` varchar(25) NOT NULL, `phone_number` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL, `hire_date` date NOT NULL, `job_id` varchar(10) NOT NULL, `salary` double(8,2) DEFAULT NULL, `commission_pct` double(2,2) DEFAULT NULL, `manager_id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL, `department_id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`employee_id`), UNIQUE KEY `emp_email_uk` (`email`), UNIQUE KEY `emp_emp_id_pk` (`employee_id`), KEY `emp_dept_fk` (`department_id`), KEY `emp_job_fk` (`job_id`), KEY `emp_manager_fk` (`manager_id`), CONSTRAINT `emp_dept_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`department_id`) REFERENCES `departments` (`department_id`), CONSTRAINT `emp_job_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`job_id`) REFERENCES `jobs` (`job_id`), CONSTRAINT `emp_manager_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`manager_id`) REFERENCES `employees` (`employee_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; /*Data for the table `employees` */ insert into `employees`(`employee_id`,`first_name`,`last_name`,`email`,`phone_number`,`hire_date`,`job_id`,`salary`,`commission_pct`,`manager_id`,`department_id`) values (100,'Steven','King','SKING','515.123.4567','1987-06-17','AD_PRES',24000.00,NULL,NULL,90),(101,'Neena','Kochhar','NKOCHHAR','515.123.4568','1989-09-21','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90),(102,'Lex','De Haan','LDEHAAN','515.123.4569','1993-01-13','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90),(103,'Alexander','Hunold','AHUNOLD','590.423.4567','1990-01-03','IT_PROG',9000.00,NULL,102,60),(104,'Bruce','Ernst','BERNST','590.423.4568','1991-05-21','IT_PROG',6000.00,NULL,103,60),(105,'David','Austin','DAUSTIN','590.423.4569','1997-06-25','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60),(106,'Valli','Pataballa','VPATABAL','590.423.4560','1998-02-05','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60),(107,'Diana','Lorentz','DLORENTZ','590.423.5567','1999-02-07','IT_PROG',4200.00,NULL,103,60),(108,'Nancy','Greenberg','NGREENBE','515.124.4569','1994-08-17','FI_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,100),(109,'Daniel','Faviet','DFAVIET','515.124.4169','1994-08-16','FI_ACCOUNT',9000.00,NULL,108,100),(110,'John','Chen','JCHEN','515.124.4269','1997-09-28','FI_ACCOUNT',8200.00,NULL,108,100),(111,'Ismael','Sciarra','ISCIARRA','515.124.4369','1997-09-30','FI_ACCOUNT',7700.00,NULL,108,100),(112,'Jose Manuel','Urman','JMURMAN','515.124.4469','1998-03-07','FI_ACCOUNT',7800.00,NULL,108,100),(113,'Luis','Popp','LPOPP','515.124.4567','1999-12-07','FI_ACCOUNT',6900.00,NULL,108,100),(114,'Den','Raphaely','DRAPHEAL','515.127.4561','1994-12-07','PU_MAN',11000.00,NULL,100,30),(115,'Alexander','Khoo','AKHOO','515.127.4562','1995-05-18','PU_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,114,30),(116,'Shelli','Baida','SBAIDA','515.127.4563','1997-12-24','PU_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,114,30),(117,'Sigal','Tobias','STOBIAS','515.127.4564','1997-07-24','PU_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,114,30),(118,'Guy','Himuro','GHIMURO','515.127.4565','1998-11-15','PU_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,114,30),(119,'Karen','Colmenares','KCOLMENA','515.127.4566','1999-08-10','PU_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,114,30),(120,'Matthew','Weiss','MWEISS','650.123.1234','1996-07-18','ST_MAN',8000.00,NULL,100,50),(121,'Adam','Fripp','AFRIPP','650.123.2234','1997-04-10','ST_MAN',8200.00,NULL,100,50),(122,'Payam','Kaufling','PKAUFLIN','650.123.3234','1995-05-01','ST_MAN',7900.00,NULL,100,50),(123,'Shanta','Vollman','SVOLLMAN','650.123.4234','1997-10-10','ST_MAN',6500.00,NULL,100,50),(124,'Kevin','Mourgos','KMOURGOS','650.123.5234','1999-11-16','ST_MAN',5800.00,NULL,100,50),(125,'Julia','Nayer','JNAYER','650.124.1214','1997-07-16','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50),(126,'Irene','Mikkilineni','IMIKKILI','650.124.1224','1998-09-28','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,120,50),(127,'James','Landry','JLANDRY','650.124.1334','1999-01-14','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,120,50),(128,'Steven','Markle','SMARKLE','650.124.1434','2000-03-08','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,120,50),(129,'Laura','Bissot','LBISSOT','650.124.5234','1997-08-20','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,121,50),(130,'Mozhe','Atkinson','MATKINSO','650.124.6234','1997-10-30','ST_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,121,50),(131,'James','Marlow','JAMRLOW','650.124.7234','1997-02-16','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,121,50),(132,'TJ','Olson','TJOLSON','650.124.8234','1999-04-10','ST_CLERK',2100.00,NULL,121,50),(133,'Jason','Mallin','JMALLIN','650.127.1934','1996-06-14','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,122,50),(134,'Michael','Rogers','MROGERS','650.127.1834','1998-08-26','ST_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50),(135,'Ki','Gee','KGEE','650.127.1734','1999-12-12','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,122,50),(136,'Hazel','Philtanker','HPHILTAN','650.127.1634','2000-02-06','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,122,50),(137,'Renske','Ladwig','RLADWIG','650.121.1234','1995-07-14','ST_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,123,50),(138,'Stephen','Stiles','SSTILES','650.121.2034','1997-10-26','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50),(139,'John','Seo','JSEO','650.121.2019','1998-02-12','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,123,50),(140,'Joshua','Patel','JPATEL','650.121.1834','1998-04-06','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,123,50),(141,'Trenna','Rajs','TRAJS','650.121.8009','1995-10-17','ST_CLERK',3500.00,NULL,124,50),(142,'Curtis','Davies','CDAVIES','650.121.2994','1997-01-29','ST_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50),(143,'Randall','Matos','RMATOS','650.121.2874','1998-03-15','ST_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50),(144,'Peter','Vargas','PVARGAS','650.121.2004','1998-07-09','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,124,50),(145,'John','Russell','JRUSSEL','011.44.1344.429268','1996-10-01','SA_MAN',14000.00,0.40,100,80),(146,'Karen','Partners','KPARTNER','011.44.1344.467268','1997-01-05','SA_MAN',13500.00,0.30,100,80),(147,'Alberto','Errazuriz','AERRAZUR','011.44.1344.429278','1997-03-10','SA_MAN',12000.00,0.30,100,80),(148,'Gerald','Cambrault','GCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.619268','1999-10-15','SA_MAN',11000.00,0.30,100,80),(149,'Eleni','Zlotkey','EZLOTKEY','011.44.1344.429018','2000-01-29','SA_MAN',10500.00,0.20,100,80),(150,'Peter','Tucker','PTUCKER','011.44.1344.129268','1997-01-30','SA_REP',10000.00,0.30,145,80),(151,'David','Bernstein','DBERNSTE','011.44.1344.345268','1997-03-24','SA_REP',9500.00,0.25,145,80),(152,'Peter','Hall','PHALL','011.44.1344.478968','1997-08-20','SA_REP',9000.00,0.25,145,80),(153,'Christopher','Olsen','COLSEN','011.44.1344.498718','1998-03-30','SA_REP',8000.00,0.20,145,80),(154,'Nanette','Cambrault','NCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.987668','1998-12-09','SA_REP',7500.00,0.20,145,80),(155,'Oliver','Tuvault','OTUVAULT','011.44.1344.486508','1999-11-23','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,145,80),(156,'Janette','King','JKING','011.44.1345.429268','1996-01-30','SA_REP',10000.00,0.35,146,80),(157,'Patrick','Sully','PSULLY','011.44.1345.929268','1996-03-04','SA_REP',9500.00,0.35,146,80),(158,'Allan','McEwen','AMCEWEN','011.44.1345.829268','1996-08-01','SA_REP',9000.00,0.35,146,80),(159,'Lindsey','Smith','LSMITH','011.44.1345.729268','1997-03-10','SA_REP',8000.00,0.30,146,80),(160,'Louise','Doran','LDORAN','011.44.1345.629268','1997-12-15','SA_REP',7500.00,0.30,146,80),(161,'Sarath','Sewall','SSEWALL','011.44.1345.529268','1998-11-03','SA_REP',7000.00,0.25,146,80),(162,'Clara','Vishney','CVISHNEY','011.44.1346.129268','1997-11-11','SA_REP',10500.00,0.25,147,80),(163,'Danielle','Greene','DGREENE','011.44.1346.229268','1999-03-19','SA_REP',9500.00,0.15,147,80),(164,'Mattea','Marvins','MMARVINS','011.44.1346.329268','2000-01-24','SA_REP',7200.00,0.10,147,80),(165,'David','Lee','DLEE','011.44.1346.529268','2000-02-23','SA_REP',6800.00,0.10,147,80),(166,'Sundar','Ande','SANDE','011.44.1346.629268','2000-03-24','SA_REP',6400.00,0.10,147,80),(167,'Amit','Banda','ABANDA','011.44.1346.729268','2000-04-21','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,147,80),(168,'Lisa','Ozer','LOZER','011.44.1343.929268','1997-03-11','SA_REP',11500.00,0.25,148,80),(169,'Harrison','Bloom','HBLOOM','011.44.1343.829268','1998-03-23','SA_REP',10000.00,0.20,148,80),(170,'Tayler','Fox','TFOX','011.44.1343.729268','1998-01-24','SA_REP',9600.00,0.20,148,80),(171,'William','Smith','WSMITH','011.44.1343.629268','1999-02-23','SA_REP',7400.00,0.15,148,80),(172,'Elizabeth','Bates','EBATES','011.44.1343.529268','1999-03-24','SA_REP',7300.00,0.15,148,80),(173,'Sundita','Kumar','SKUMAR','011.44.1343.329268','2000-04-21','SA_REP',6100.00,0.10,148,80),(174,'Ellen','Abel','EABEL','011.44.1644.429267','1996-05-11','SA_REP',11000.00,0.30,149,80),(175,'Alyssa','Hutton','AHUTTON','011.44.1644.429266','1997-03-19','SA_REP',8800.00,0.25,149,80),(176,'Jonathon','Taylor','JTAYLOR','011.44.1644.429265','1998-03-24','SA_REP',8600.00,0.20,149,80),(177,'Jack','Livingston','JLIVINGS','011.44.1644.429264','1998-04-23','SA_REP',8400.00,0.20,149,80),(178,'Kimberely','Grant','KGRANT','011.44.1644.429263','1999-05-24','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,149,NULL),(179,'Charles','Johnson','CJOHNSON','011.44.1644.429262','2000-01-04','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,149,80),(180,'Winston','Taylor','WTAYLOR','650.507.9876','1998-01-24','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50),(181,'Jean','Fleaur','JFLEAUR','650.507.9877','1998-02-23','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,120,50),(182,'Martha','Sullivan','MSULLIVA','650.507.9878','1999-06-21','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,120,50),(183,'Girard','Geoni','GGEONI','650.507.9879','2000-02-03','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,120,50),(184,'Nandita','Sarchand','NSARCHAN','650.509.1876','1996-01-27','SH_CLERK',4200.00,NULL,121,50),(185,'Alexis','Bull','ABULL','650.509.2876','1997-02-20','SH_CLERK',4100.00,NULL,121,50),(186,'Julia','Dellinger','JDELLING','650.509.3876','1998-06-24','SH_CLERK',3400.00,NULL,121,50),(187,'Anthony','Cabrio','ACABRIO','650.509.4876','1999-02-07','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,121,50),(188,'Kelly','Chung','KCHUNG','650.505.1876','1997-06-14','SH_CLERK',3800.00,NULL,122,50),(189,'Jennifer','Dilly','JDILLY','650.505.2876','1997-08-13','SH_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,122,50),(190,'Timothy','Gates','TGATES','650.505.3876','1998-07-11','SH_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50),(191,'Randall','Perkins','RPERKINS','650.505.4876','1999-12-19','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,122,50),(192,'Sarah','Bell','SBELL','650.501.1876','1996-02-04','SH_CLERK',4000.00,NULL,123,50),(193,'Britney','Everett','BEVERETT','650.501.2876','1997-03-03','SH_CLERK',3900.00,NULL,123,50),(194,'Samuel','McCain','SMCCAIN','650.501.3876','1998-07-01','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50),(195,'Vance','Jones','VJONES','650.501.4876','1999-03-17','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,123,50),(196,'Alana','Walsh','AWALSH','650.507.9811','1998-04-24','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50),(197,'Kevin','Feeney','KFEENEY','650.507.9822','1998-05-23','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,124,50),(198,'Donald','OConnell','DOCONNEL','650.507.9833','1999-06-21','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50),(199,'Douglas','Grant','DGRANT','650.507.9844','2000-01-13','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50),(200,'Jennifer','Whalen','JWHALEN','515.123.4444','1987-09-17','AD_ASST',4400.00,NULL,101,10),(201,'Michael','Hartstein','MHARTSTE','515.123.5555','1996-02-17','MK_MAN',13000.00,NULL,100,20),(202,'Pat','Fay','PFAY','603.123.6666','1997-08-17','MK_REP',6000.00,NULL,201,20),(203,'Susan','Mavris','SMAVRIS','515.123.7777','1994-06-07','HR_REP',6500.00,NULL,101,40),(204,'Hermann','Baer','HBAER','515.123.8888','1994-06-07','PR_REP',10000.00,NULL,101,70),(205,'Shelley','Higgins','SHIGGINS','515.123.8080','1994-06-07','AC_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,110),(206,'William','Gietz','WGIETZ','515.123.8181','1994-06-07','AC_ACCOUNT',8300.00,NULL,205,110);
首先，我们基于上表创建一个新的视图。
CREATE TABLE emps AS SELECT * FROM employees;
创建视图 emp_v1, 要求查询电话号码以 ‘011’ 开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1 AS SELECT last_name, salary, email FROM emps WHERE phone_number LIKE '011%';
要求将视图 emp_v1 修改为查询电话号码以 ‘011’ 开头的并且邮箱中包含 e 字符的员工姓名和邮箱、电话号码
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1 AS SELECT last_name, salary, email, phone_number FROM emps WHERE phone_number LIKE '011%' AND email LIKE '%e%';
向 emp_v1 插入一条记录，是否可以？
DESC emps;
DESC emp_v1;
INSERT INTO emp_v1(last_name,salary,email,phone_number)
VALUES('Tom',2300,'tom@126.com','1322321312');
#实测不可以修改 emp_v1 中员工的工资，每人涨薪 1000
UPDATE emp_v1 SET salary = salary + 1000; SELECT * FROM emp_v1; SELECT * FROM emps;
删除 emp_v1 中姓名为 Olsen 的员工
DELETE FROM emp_v1 WHERE last_name = 'Olsen'; SELECT * FROM emp_v1 WHERE last_name = 'Olsen';
创建视图 emp_v2 ，要求查询部门的最高工资高于 12000 的部门 id 和其最高工资
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v2 AS SELECT department_id, MAX(salary) max_sal FROM emps GROUP BY department_id HAVING MAX(salary) > 12000; SELECT * FROM emp_v2;
向 emp_v2 中插入一条记录，是否可以？
INSERT INTO emp_v2 VALUES(400, 18000);
删除刚才的 emp_v2 和 emp_v1
DROP VIEW IF EXISTS emp_v1, emp_v2; SHOW TABLES;
5.视图的优缺点
1. 操作简单
将经常使用的查询操作定义为视图，可以使开发人员不需要关心视图对应的数据表的结构、表与表之间 的关联关系，也不需要关心数据表之间的业务逻辑和查询条件，而只需要简单地操作视图即可，极大简 化了开发人员对数据库的操作。
2. 减少数据冗余
视图跟实际数据表不一样，它存储的是查询语句。因此，在使用时，我们需要定义视图的查询语句以获得结果集。而视图本身不存储数据，不占用数据存储的资源，减少了数据冗余。
3. 数据安全
通过视图实现某些数据的结果集，MySQL可以对用户访问这些数据的限制。用 户不必直接查询或操作数据表。这也可以理解为视图具有 隔离性 。视图相当于在用户和实际的数据表之 间加了一层虚拟表。 同时， MySQL 可以根据权限将用户对数据的访问限制在某些视图上， 用户不需要查询数据表，可以直接 通过视图获取数据表中的信息 。这在一定程度上保障了数据表中数据的安全性。
4. 适应灵活多变的需求 当业务系统的需求发生变化后，如果需要改动数据表的结构，则工作量相对较 大，可以使用视图来减少改动的工作量。这种方式在实际工作中使用得比较多。
5. 能够分解复杂的查询逻辑 数据库中如果存在复杂的查询逻辑，则可以将问题进行分解，创建多个视图 获取数据，再将创建的多个视图结合起来，完成复杂的查询逻辑。
如果我们在实际数据表的基础上创建了视图，那么， 如果实际数据表的结构变更了，我们就需要及时对相关的视图进行相应的维护 。特别是嵌套的视图（就是在视图的基础上创建视图），维护会变得比较复 杂， 可读性不好 ，容易变成系统的潜在隐患。维护视图的成本会增加，因为用于创建视图的 SQL 查询可能会重命名字段或包含复杂的逻辑。
实际项目中，如果视图过多，会导致数据库维护成本的问题。
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